Humankind has been enthralled by the Himalayas for millennia. Home to most of the world’s tallest peaks, enormous glaciers and a rich array of plant and animal life, it’s no wonder these are some of the best-known mountains on the planet. Yet despite their stardom, the Himalayas are still shrouded in mystery. Here we reveal the region’s fascinating history, unique climate and various challenges facing it today.
Click through this gallery to learn eye-opening facts about the planet's most famous mountain range...
The Himalayas extend for around 1,550 miles (2,500km) between the peak of Nanga Parbat in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and the peak of Namjagbarwa (Namcha Barwa) in Tibet. With a total area of roughly 230,000 square miles (595,000sq km) they mostly lie in India, Nepal and Bhutan, with China and Pakistan occupying parts of them.
With its summit a dizzying 29,032 feet (8,849m) above sea level, Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth. Everest, however, is not its only name. Straddling the border between Nepal and Tibet, the mountain is known as Sagarmatha in Sanskrit, meaning "peak of heaven", and Chomolungma in Tibetan, meaning "goddess of the valley". It was named Everest in 1865 after the British surveyor general of India, Sir George Everest.
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Standing at an eye-watering 28,169 feet (8,586m) tall, Kanchenjunga is the third highest mountain on Earth. It’s located in the eastern part of the mountain range on the Nepal-India border. Although shorter than Everest, it’s considered a more treacherous climb since less is known about it – just around 20-25 people attempt to summit each year compared to the 650-plus that climb Everest.
The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush and Karakoram mountain ranges, hold the third largest deposit of ice and snow on the planet. These gargantuan glaciers feed nearby rivers including the Indus, Ganges (pictured) and Brahmaputra, which provide freshwater supply to more than 750 million people. They’re threatened by climate change, which is speeding up the rate at which they’re melting (we’ll explore this in more detail later).
Until recently, it was thought that the highest mountains of the Tibetan plateau were not inhabited until around 2,500 years ago. Yet recent analysis of footprints on the site of Chusang (pictured), 14,100 feet (4,200m) above sea level, has found that the earliest permanent residents have lived in this high-elevation region since between 7,400 and 12,600 years ago.
Nowadays, the mountain range is populated by a range of different groups. Broadly speaking, Tibetans and Tibeto-Burman speakers live in the northernmost section, Indo-European speakers are found in the central and southernmost sections. Pictured here are children from the Tamang group, whose population is thought to number over 1.6 million.
With its remote location, dizzying altitude and almost completely inhospitable climate, Mount Everest has long been seen as one of the ultimate mountaineering challenges. The earliest major attempt to scale it was 1921, by a group of British army officers, explorers and surveyors under the Mount Everest Committee. Poorly equipped to deal with the altitude, one member of the group died of heart failure and the mountain wasn't summited. The expedition did establish a good route for future attempts though. Pictured are members of the 1936 British expedition, forced to retreat due to bad weather.
By 1933, several further unsuccessful attempts had been made to climb Everest. But two Scottish pilots, Lieutenant David McIntyre and Sir Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, made history on 3 April that year when they were the first men to fly over the famous mountain. Flying higher than anyone had before, the two men captured important footage which was later examined by Michael Ward, mountaineer and doctor on the successful 1953 expedition.
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On 29 May 1953, Sir Edmund Hillary, a New Zealand mountaineer, and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepali Sherpa, became the first explorers to reach Everest’s storied summit. The pair were part of a British expedition sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society. Two members of their group, Charles Evans and Tom Bourdillon, had made it within 300 feet (91m) of the summit a couple of days prior but had had to turn back because one of their oxygen tanks stopped working. The news of Hillary and Norgay’s achievement reverberated around the world on 2 June, the day of Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation.
Following the successful ascent by the British team, the Swiss were the next to reach the summit of Everest on 23 May 1956. Then on 1 May 1963, James W. Whittaker and Nawang Gombu Sherpa (the nephew of Tenzing Norgay) reached the top as part of an American team (pictured). As well as scaling the peak, the purpose of the expedition was to research how climbers’ bodies responded to such high altitude and low oxygen levels. In 1965, India became the fourth country to reach the top when they put nine men on the summit of Everest.
Not content with the challenge of simply climbing the mountain, in 1987 Diana Penny-Sherpani created the first Everest Marathon. Despite concerns voiced by the medical community, the event was a success with 45 athletes from five countries running between Gorak Shep at 17,100 feet (5,212m) elevation and Namche Bazaar at 11,300 feet (3,444m) elevation. The now annual event holds a Guinness World Record for the world's highest marathon.
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Nowadays, hundreds of people climb Everest each year. But they wouldn’t be able to make it without Sherpas. The name actually applies to a Tibetan indigenous group who live in the Himalayas, but since many Sherpas work as mountain guides, the term has become synonymous with this role. Sherpas are generally better at coping with high altitude than foreign explorers, since they’ve adapted to living in these conditions. They are the backbone of Everest expeditions, showing climbers the safest routes and carrying supplies including extra oxygen, food and water up the mountain.
As well as ensuring mountaineering expeditions run smoothly, Sherpas clear up rubbish left on the mountain afterwards – which can be a huge undertaking. In Tibetan, Everest is known as Chomolungma which means "goddess mother of the world" or "goddess of the valley" with the summit thought to house the Buddhist goddess Miyolangsangma. In recent years, Sherpas have voiced concerns about the sheer number of climbers that scale Everest each year as it increases the demands heaped on them and the human impact on the mountain.
The most treacherous part of the route up Everest is the Khumbu Icefall, a steep stretch of the mountain at the head of the Khumbu glacier where avalanches are common. The route is usually secured with ropes and ladders by Sherpas each year. In April 2014, tragedy struck when a 7.9 magnitude earthquake led to a deadly avalanche. 16 Sherpas, who had been preparing the area for climbers, were killed. The event prompted calls for greater rights for Sherpas, who represent one-third of deaths on Everest.
The Himalayas are one of the most seismically active places on the planet, resting on the boundary between the Indo-Australian tectonic plate and the Eurasian plate. But earthquakes aren’t that common here, which made the events of 2015 all the more shocking. On 25 April, the region – along with most of east and central Nepal, and parts of India, Tibet, Bangladesh and Bhutan – was hit by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake. It killed 9,000 people, including at least 19 climbers at Everest after triggering an avalanche on the mountain.
Read more about the most destructive earthquakes of recent years
The 2,100-mile (3,440km) border between China and India, which runs through the Himalayas, has been the subject of a long-running dispute. Since the 1950s, the two countries have fought over where the boundary should lie, with a war breaking out in 1952. Despite an agreement in 1996, which forbade use of explosives and firearms at the border, tensions reignited in January 2020 and a fatal clash took place in the Galwan Valley that June. A “minor face-off” occurred in January 2021, according to the Indian Army, although officials from both sides gave away few details about it.
At 22,943 feet (6,993m) tall, Machapuchare isn't up there with the Himalayas’ big hitters but it could be its most elusive peak. Located in north-central Nepal, this stunning fishtail-shaped mountain has never been summited. That’s due to British army officer Jimmy Roberts, who attempted an expedition up Machapuchare in 1957 but had to turn back due to bad weather. Bizarrely, Roberts made the request to ban all climbing on the mountain and the Nepali government obliged. It’s also regarded as sacred by the Gurung people who live in the village of Chomrong nearby.
The Himalayas’ enormous glaciers have long been prone to flash flooding, avalanches and landslides. Yet these events could become deadlier and more frequent due to climate change, which is accelerating the rate at which glaciers are melting. In February 2021, a glacier in Uttarakhand, on the southern slopes of the Indian Himalayas, detached, causing a lethal flash flood which killed more than 70 people.
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Flash flooding isn’t the only issue affecting the region. Ladakh, in the Indian Himalayas, is one of the driest places in the world. It has experienced particularly acute water shortages in April and May during recent years. In an attempt to solve the problem, scientists have created a number of artificial glaciers known as stupas, which store and release water to be used by nearby villages. They were invented by Indian engineer Sonam Wangchuk in 2013, and have been developed by researchers from the University of Aberdeen.
In May 2024, Nepal's Phunjo Lama broke the world record for the fastest ascent of Mount Everest by a woman. Over the course of 24 hours and 26 minutes, without stopping to sleep, Lama made it from Everest Base Camp to the summit and back to where she'd started. Reclaiming the record she'd once held, broken by Hong Kong teacher Tsang Yin-hung in 2021, the Nepali mountaineer achieved the ascent part of her journey in under 15 hours. By climbing overnight, Lama was able to dodge the lengthy queues that can form on the mountain.
Despite the fact the first American team reached the summit of Everest in 1963, it was more than 40 years before the first Black climber achieved the feat. This reflects a broader trend of a lack of diversity in mountaineering. In 2022, the Full Circle expedition made history by becoming the first all-Black team to summit the world's highest mountain. Led by mountaineer Phil Henderson, the team of nine climbers hope their success will encourage more Black Americans to join the outdoor movement.
Unfortunately, the increased popularity of Everest expeditions has led to overcrowding on the summit. Queues are normal in climbing season, when weather conditions often mean there’s only a short window in which the summit can be reached, but these so-called traffic jams can also be worsened by inexperienced climbers holding up the line. Overcrowding can be extremely dangerous and many Sherpas have called for greater restrictions on tour operators, and a reduction in the number of climbers, to make it safer.
In June 2022, Nepal announced it would be moving Everest’s base camp to a lower-elevation location because the current area is being destabilised by meltwater. The Khumbu glacier, on which the camp is located, is melting at a faster rate due to climate change, leading to crevasses opening up which are making the terrain unstable and unsafe. The landmark move would have seen the camp transferred from an elevation of 17,598 feet (5,364m) to an altitude between 656 feet (200m) and 1,312 feet (400m) lower. Following opposition from the Sherpa community and other mountaineering operations, the plans have since been shelved.
In May 2010, Jordan Romero became the youngest person to climb to the summit of Mount Everest. He was just 13 years, 10 months and 10 days old at the time. What makes his feat even more impressive is that it was part of an ultimately successful attempt to complete the Seven Summits, a famous mountaineering challenge that involves climbing up the highest mountain on every continent. The young American was inspired to take on the incredibly ambitious project after seeing a mural that captured his imagination, aged nine.
With their legendary beauty, the Himalayas grace the wish lists of travellers all over the world. But the region faces some major challenges. A report published in 2019 highlighted the fact that the Himalayas are warming faster than the rest of the world, leading to the retreat of glaciers, melting of permafrost and more unpredictable weather conditions in future. Ensuring the safety of climbers and Sherpas on Everest – by enforcing firmer restrictions on tour operators – is another big issue. In May 2024, Nepal's Supreme Court ordered the government to limit the number of mountaineering permits issued for Everest and other peaks.
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