Mother Nature is unpredictable at the best of times, but our changing climate means we're now even more likely to see strange patterns in the weather. From a bomb cyclone and 'Godzilla' dust storm to desert floods and even frozen iguanas, out-of-season weather events are becoming more common.
Click through the gallery to see the world’s most freakish and unseasonal weather from the last few years…
As the driest place on Earth, the sight of rain in the Atacama Desert is extremely rare. However, when rain fell in 2017 and formed lagoons in the parched Chilean landscape, it didn't bring the life and colour you might expect. In fact, a team of planetary astrobiologists found that the heavy precipitation actually wiped out most of the microbes that had lived there as they had adapted to the extremely arid conditions.
Despite it reaching chilly temperatures at night, snow in the Sahara Desert is very rare. In fact, it snowed there for only the fourth time in 40 years during January 2018. The rare weather event happened near the Algerian town of Ain Sefra and saw the region's renowned desert dunes covered in a deep layer of perfect white snow. A truly extraordinary sight.
A vicious snowstorm in the early months of 2018 – nicknamed the Beast from the East – sent temperatures plunging and brought snow and icy conditions across Europe. Locals in Rome and the southern Italian city of Naples, who are particularly used to mild wet winters and scorching summers, shivered along with the rest of the continent, as the blast of Siberian weather brought the biggest snowfall in half a century. The unusually heavy snow covered the city's streets and beaches and also cloaked nearby Mount Vesuvius and the ruins of Pompeii.
Instead of green fields, gambolling lambs and unfurling flowers, the first day of spring brought heavy snow to much of the UK in March 2018. The UK shivered from late February and into March as very low temperatures, blizzards and biting winds swept much of the country during a spell of unusually severe winter weather, which was also due to the Beast from the East.
A sudden and violent thunderstorm swept into the northern port city of Genoa in August 2018 and may have contributed to the tragic collapse of the Morandi Bridge. Vehicles were plunged down into the valley below as a huge section of the structurally unsound bridge (as it was later discovered to be) crumpled during the severe weather, leading to 43 deaths and destroying apartments and homes. A new bridge, designed by architect Renzo Piano, has since opened.
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Freak winter storms hit South Africa’s savannahs in September 2018. Unusually thick flurries of snow fell across parts of South Africa's Eastern Cape, giving animals such as giraffes, elephants and antelope a cold shock. While snow often falls on mountain ranges, it is unusual for snow to settle on savannahs, but the late cold front brought snowfall to unusual parts of the country.
Parts of the Middle East and north Africa experienced a freezing plunge in temperature in January 2019. Tunisia in particular was hit by heavy snow and torrential rainfall, causing some fatalities. While snow is not completely unusual in the country, these storms were particularly severe. This photo shows residents in the Tunisian region of Maktar making their way through the snow on 25 January.
A cold front blanketed the streets and high-rises of Las Vegas, along with surrounding mountains and desert in Nevada, in February 2019. The winter snowstorm covered the runways of Las Vegas’ airport with a rare 0.8 inches (2cm) of snow, causing cancellations and delays. Nearby Lee Canyon (or Mount Charleston), a small resort popular for skiing, snowshoeing and tubing around 45 minutes from Sin City, recorded more than 12 inches (30cm) of the white stuff.
An unseasonably warm spell and dry winter saw a parched Saddleworth Moor in West Yorkshire become a raging inferno in February 2019. This was the same month that registered the UK’s hottest winter day on record: a temperature of 21.2°C (70.2°F) was recorded in Kew Gardens, southwest London.
Unusually heavy downpours caused the Paraguay River to overflow during the months of May and June 2019, killing at least 16 people and displacing tens of thousands from their homes. The river’s water levels reached a staggering 22 feet 1 inch (6.75m) when its normal level is around just 13 feet (4m).
Australia’s wildlife was in for a shock in June 2019 when freezing winter conditions swept across its eastern states, causing the rare sight of snow in some places. While elevated parts of New South Wales and Victoria are not total strangers to the white stuff, Queensland (also known as the Sunshine State) certainly is. It was one of the coldest outbreaks to hit Australia in recent years.
A steamy Mexican summer's day was in full swing in the populous city of Guadalajara, when a freak hailstorm left parts of the city buried under more than five feet 10 inches (1.5m) of ice in 2019. Vehicles were submerged, hundreds of homes and commercial properties were damaged and trees were felled by the battering hail. The devastating aftermath can be seen in this bird's-eye photo that was captured at the end of June.
Snow bunnies also enjoyed an extended ski season in California's Sierra Nevada in 2019 with a record spring snowfall. Skiers had great ski conditions as late as the month of July – pictured here are people enjoying an Independence Day (4 July) spent on the slopes in the Mammoth Lakes resort.
Of the approximately 1,200 tornadoes that the United States experiences on average each year, Massachusetts sees relatively few. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Massachusetts averages around one to two tornadoes annually. But in July 2019, the towns of Barnstable, Yarmouth, and Harwich on Cape Cod were struck by three separate tornadoes with wind speeds reaching up to 110 miles per hour (177 km/h). Prior to this event, only three tornadoes had ever been recorded on the pretty peninsula since reliable record-keeping began.
A dreamy summer's day turned into a nightmare at the northern Greece peninsula of Halkidiki in July 2019, when unexpected gale-force winds, rain and freak hailstorms struck the popular seaside region. The severe storms saw a state of emergency declared in Halkidiki and resulted in a few fatalities, many injuries, power cuts and extensive damage to property. The intense winds, combined with high temperatures, also fanned large wildfires in southern Greece.
A usually cool part of the world that experienced unprecedented high temperatures in winter 2020 was Norway. A remarkably warm 19°C (66°F) was recorded in the village of Sunndalsora in western Norway on 2 January 2020, marking the country's warmest January day since records began. This unusual warmth was caused by Foehn winds, which are warm gusts that occur on the downwind side of a mountain range. The local mayor told BBC reporters that she had even gone for a swim in the sea.
Foreboding volcanic lightning struck as a column of ash burst into the sky from the crater of Taal Volcano, which erupted on 12 January 2020. The dramatic lightning display formed within the volcanic plume, the column of volcanic ash emitted by some erupting volcanoes. Taal is the Philippines' second most active volcano and sits in the centre of Lake Taal, which was created by prehistoric eruptions. Thousands of people were evacuated as the ash clouds descended.
Check out the world's most dramatic weather photos since 1900
Snow is par for the course in Canada’s Newfoundland, but not quite at the level that capital St. John's saw in January 2020. A bomb cyclone brought high winds and dumped two feet six inches (0.7m) of snow in what was the city's highest daily snowfall since records began. The wind gusts caused dramatic snow drifts that buried cars, blocked roads, downed power lines and even caused a small avalanche to breach the wall of one home.
Golf ball-sized hail stones hammered Australia’s capital and the southeast in a bizarre summer storm in January 2020. The wild weather, caused by two supercell thunderstorms, smashed car windscreens and felled trees as hail, lightning and heavy rain hit cities and towns across the east coast too.
When unusually cold weather struck Florida in 2020, it affected more than the human population. The National Weather Service issued a warning that frozen iguanas could shower the streets and green spaces of south Florida as temperatures dropped to lower than usual levels in late January. Once temperatures sink to around 4.44°C (40°F) cold-blooded iguanas become immobilised, lose their grip and slip from trees. While the chilled critters may appear lifeless, they’re not actually dead.
In 2020 Antarctica experienced unprecedented high temperatures, comparable to those of Los Angeles, California, on one day, according to NASA Earth Observatory. On 9 February, scientists recorded a temperature of 20.75°C (69.35°F) at Seymour Island, the highest temperature ever registered in Antarctica. Just a few days earlier, on 6 February, weather stations had recorded the highest temperature on the Antarctic Peninsula: 18.3°C (64.9°F). This warm spell led to widespread melting on nearby glaciers.
Although snow is rare in the southern states of the USA, it’s not unheard of, and in February 2020 there were flurries in Austin, Texas. Pictured here is Big Bend National Park in southwest Texas after a snowstorm – snowfalls occur once or twice during an average winter in the park, usually at elevations of 3,500 feet (1,067m) and upwards. Amarillo, located in the Texas Panhandle, receives an average of 17.8 inches (45cm) of snow during the course of the year.
The rare but pretty sight of spring cherry blossoms dusted with snow greeted people in Tokyo in 2020. The capital had an unusually late and significant snowfall towards the end of March due to low pressure off the coast. Conversely, the cherry blossom season started in the Japanese capital on 14 March, the earliest on record.
A once-in-a-decade storm hit the state of Western Australia in May 2020. The unusual weather was the result of ex-tropical Cyclone Mangga clashing with a cold front off Australia’s west coast. The wild weather system whipped up dust storms, brought torrential rain and caused huge waves to pummel the coastline. It also outed power lines.
The Arctic sweltered in 2020 with many places within the Arctic Circle experiencing a prolonged heatwave. The worryingly high temperatures caused ferocious wildfires in Siberia. Surface temperatures were abnormally high: 10°C (50°F) above average in northwest Siberia in May, according to the EU’s Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). It's not just the Arctic that was feeling the heat, either: 2020 was one of the hottest years on record for the whole world.
Parts of the Caribbean and the US were shrouded in an enormous cloud of Sahara dust in June 2020 as a storm rolled across the Atlantic Ocean from the African desert. Pictured here is a lighthouse in Havana, Cuba at sunrise, cloaked in dust during the billowing storm. The highly concentrated air plume was nicknamed both the 'Godzilla' and the 'Gorilla' dust cloud and was the largest and densest storm to be seen in half a century.
Summer 2020 also saw record high temperatures on the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard, located between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The islands would usually see temperatures of around 7°C (44.6°F) this time of year but on 25 July, a peak of 21.7°C (71°F) was recorded. There's just a tiny patch of snow left on the mountains in this photo.
India’s annual monsoon season began in a dramatic fashion in June 2020 with deadly lightning strikes and torrential rain. The weather killed at least 107 people in northern and eastern India. Officials from Bihar said it was one of the highest daily death tolls from lightning that the state had recorded in recent years.
Summery scenes swiftly became wintry ones in Calgary, Alberta, as huge hail stones pounded the city and covered its streets in white ice in June 2020. The hail, which is formed in the core of a thunderstorm, is not all that unusual, but this storm was particularly vicious and inflicted substantial damage.
The sight of Venice’s streets submerged is not unusual, with the acqua alta (high water) part of life for the ancient canal city. But the phenomenon is uncommon during the summer months. Pictured here is St Mark’s square in June 2020 after a high late spring tide. The water level reached to around three feet 10 inches (1.2m). It was due to the high tide combining with a storm in the Atlantic, which brought heavy winds and rain to northern Italy.
In September 2020, Cyclone Ianos swept across Greece, but this wasn't an ordinary storm. The rare medicane (Mediterranean hurricane) flooded streets, brought down power lines and very sadly resulted in fatalities. Karditsa (pictured), north of Athens, was one of the worst-affected areas – it was hit by winds of up to 75 miles per hour (120km/h) and large parts of the city were under water.
Millions of acres across California and Oregon were devastated by wildfires which burned throughout September 2020. Scientists say the region's fires were the worst in 18 years, linking their intensity to climate change. A combination of record-breaking temperatures, dry air and strong winds only fuelled them. The wildfires caused apocalyptic skies across the West Coast, as seen here in San Francisco.
If you look carefully at this picture you'll see there's something unusual about this ski resort in the tiny principality of Andorra – a brown tinge to the snow. Thanks to an exceptional weather phenomenon on 6 February 2021 parts of southern Europe, including the Pyrenees mountains, were covered in dust from the Sahara Desert, swept across the Mediterranean by a powerful flow of air from the south. The meteorological conditions might have prevented any downhill skiing but they did create an atmospheric light, with places such as Le Vallee de Chamonix and Lyon in France also bearing witness to the foreboding orange sky.
The first rainfall on the summit of Greenland's ice cap in recorded history shocked scientists at the US National Science Foundation's summit station on 14 August. Usually, temperatures on the 10,551-foot (3,216m) peak are well below freezing so the station is not equipped with any tools to measure rainfall. The unexpected weather event happened during three exceptionally hot days when temperatures in Greenland were 18ºC (64ºF) higher than average. Scientists said this is another stark sign of the climate crisis.
Thanks to record rainfall in Yosemite Valley, California, in late October 2021, Horsetail Fall on the east face of El Capitan sprung into life eight months later than usual. The seasonal waterfall usually flows on clear evenings in late February, when the sun shines on the ribbon of water at just the right angle, resulting in a molten lava-like cascade. Nicknamed 'Firefall', the event draws big crowds who flock to witness the phenomenon. However, due to severe storms that swept through the area at the time, only a few lucky hikers experienced the glorious glow out of season.
Known the world over for its snow-capped Rockies and buzzing ski resorts, Colorado usually sees its fair share of the white stuff, especially in December. Not in 2021. The state's capital Denver, in particular, broke the record for its latest first snowfall since 1934. It was also a week away from breaking an 1887 record of 235 consecutive days without snowfall, but flakes finally fell on 10 December. Pictured is Carter Park in Breckenridge, just west of Denver, where children were deprived of their sledding that year.
Although Florida is no stranger to tornadoes, the twisters are rare in January. On 16 January though, four separate tornadoes ripped through several counties in southwest Florida. Brought about by the same weather system that blanketed parts of the East Coast in snow, the tornadoes left hundreds homeless and winds topped 118 miles per hour (190km/h) in some counties. One of the tornadoes obliterated the Tropicana RV Resort in Lee County while another caused an estimated $500,000 (£366k) in damages in Charlotte County.
A particularly arid corner of the already-arid Mojave Desert, Death Valley is known the world over as the hottest place on Earth, after notching a Guinness World Record temperature of 56.7°C (134°F) in Furnace Creek during the summer of 1913. In August 2022, it hit headlines for extreme weather of a different kind: mass flash flooding that swept away cars and left more than 1,000 people stranded. Almost a year's worth of rain fell on the valley in just three hours, in what meteorologists described as "an extremely rare, 1,000-year event".
Only twice since records began have two hurricanes formed at the same time over the Atlantic in November – typically the tail-end of hurricane season – in 1932 and 2000. The year 2022 joined the unenviable list, as Hurricanes Lisa and Martin formed simultaneously on 1 November, the sixth and seventh hurricanes of an unpleasantly eventful year. Martin mercifully did not make landfall, but Lisa battered the coast of Belize on 2 November, flooding streets and downing power lines but fortunately claiming no lives.
On 13 November 2022, the UK saw its hottest ever Remembrance Sunday when a temperature of 21.2°C (70.2°F) was recorded in the town of Porthmadog in north Wales. It beat the previous high, which was also set in north Wales, by almost 2°C (3.6°F), following a week of unusually mild November temperatures across the country. According to meteorologists, the mild weather is the result of a southwest wind dragging warm air up from tropical regions to the south.
Atmospheric rivers are narrow 'streams' of concentrated water vapor that move through the atmosphere like rivers in the sky, producing intense rainfall or snowfall when they encounter mountains. They provide much-needed water to the western USA, but when they arrive in succession, as they did over California in the winter of 2022/23, the impact can be devastating. Twelve back-to-back atmospheric river events hit California in quick succession, causing widespread flooding, mudslides and record snowfall. A state of emergency was declared, at least 22 people died, and according to risk analysts Moody's, the economic losses ranged between $5 billion and $7 billion (£4.2bn to £5.9bn).
Unseasonal heavy rain caused by an unusually intense storm in the Mediterranean in September 2023 had a devastating impact on the Libyan coastal town of Derna. Two dams burst, unleashing a wave of reddish mud that swept entire neighbourhoods into the sea, killing 3,958 people and leaving a huge number of the population homeless. The thick layer of flood-driven silt on surrounding croplands destroyed that year’s harvest of cotton, tobacco and other crops and is expected to have an impact on future yields as well.
When Hurricane Beryl hit the tiny Caribbean islands of Grenada on 1 July 2024, it became the earliest Category 5 hurricane in the region since records began 100 years ago. Storms of such magnitude usually develop later in the seasons after seas have heated up over the summer, but Beryl's formation and rapid intensification were fuelled by exceptionally warm sea temperatures, allowing it to achieve wind speeds exceeding 160 miles per hour (257km/h) and wreak havoc in Barbados, Jamaica (pictured) and Mexico.