The open ocean is a notoriously unpredictable and dangerous place, where even experienced sailors have been thrown off course by violent storms or lost to towering waves. While most wrecked ships eventually turn up – either washed ashore in ruins or abandoned at sea – some disappear without a trace, their fates still unknown. From lost liners and ghostly galleons to the USS Cyclops, which vanished in the Bermuda Triangle over a century ago, these are the baffling stories of ships that seemingly disappeared into thin air.

Click through this gallery to discover the ships that disappeared without a trace... 

When world-renowned explorer Christopher Columbus first set sail for the Americas in 1492, he had a fleet of three ships – the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. Santa Maria was Columbus’s flagship, a heavy craft called a nao which was more than double the size of the other two vessels at 117 feet (36m) in length. There was huge fanfare around the expedition but, on Christmas Eve that year, disaster struck when the Santa Maria ran aground off the coast of modern-day Haiti and was subsequently lost to the waves the following day.

Given the relatively slow sinking, crewmen were able to enlist the help of local islanders to unload the ship’s cargo before it went under. History says that Columbus left an inexperienced cabin boy at Santa Maria’s helm while he went to bed, who got into difficulty and clipped a coral reef. Thought to have been buried by sediment over the centuries that have since passed, the Santa Maria got a brief moment in the spotlight again in 2014 when marine archaeologist Barry Clifford claimed he’d discovered the legendary wreck. However, this was later disproved by UNESCO, who found the ship to be much more modern than the Santa Maria.

Flor de la Mar was a 16th-century carrack used in the Portuguese conquests of Goa in India and Malacca in modern-day Malaysia. Famously believed to have been carrying riches worth over £2 billion ($2.6bn) in today’s money when it went missing on its way home to Portugal, Flor de la Mar is one of the most fabled lost ships in the world. The largest vessel of its kind at the time, weighing around 400 tonnes, the carrack was prone to springing leaks which delayed its voyages and wracked up numerous repairs.

In 1511, with a hull laden down by jewels, gold and other valuables, Flor de la Mar foundered during a storm somewhere between Malacca and the Indonesian island of Sumatra; it was never sighted again. The few survivors spread word of the ship’s sinking, but no trace of it was ever recovered. Many have since tried and failed to find the wreck, including American treasure hunter Richard Marx who allegedly spent around £16 million ($20m) out of his own pocket looking for it. While the real Flor de la Mar may be long lost, it’s possible to see a replica of it today at Malacca's Maritime Museum, as shown here.

English galleon the Merchant Royal was returning from trading in the Spanish colonies of the Americas when it foundered in September 1641. Carrying 100,000 pounds in gold, 400 bars of Mexican silver, 500,000 pieces of eight and much more, the estimated worth of its treasure in today’s terms is around £1.2 billion ($1.5bn). Reports vary as to what happened before the sinking – some say the weather took a turn for the worse, while others claim the ship’s pumps broke. Either way, the Merchant Royal began to take on water and ultimately disappeared beneath the barrelling waves off Land’s End in Cornwall.

The Merchant Royal’s sister ship, Dover Merchant, managed to rescue the captain and the majority of the crew before it went under, but the galleon’s entire booty was lost along with it. Over the centuries, the undiscovered wreck of the Merchant Royal has become known as 'the El Dorado of the Seas'. Hopes were dashed in 2007 when a hoard of 500,000 coins found in Cornish waters was identified as treasure from a Spanish frigate, as opposed to the Merchant Royal. An old anchor trawled in 2019 might provide some trace of the Merchant Royal’s wreck, but this is disputed in the absence of conclusive evidence.

San Miguel was one of a fleet of 12 Spanish ships sailing from Havana in 1715 on its journey home. Tasked with collecting riches amassed in Cuba that were set to help an impoverished and war-stricken Spain get back on its feet, the fleet was caught in a hurricane on 31 July and 11 of the 12 ships are known to have sunk. Around 1,000 lives were lost in the tragedy, while a small group of survivors led salvage missions to try and recoup some of the treasure. Around half of the haul was recovered at the time, with seven shipwrecks and further spoils discovered in the years since. But the whereabouts of the San Miguel remain a mystery...

According to History Collection, San Miguel was the fastest ship in the fleet and could have gone ahead of the other vessels, therefore outrunning the storm. But either way, it was never heard of again. Some treasure hunters believe San Miguel succumbed to the sea off Florida’s Amelia Island (pictured), but any artefacts washed up on its beaches have never been positively identified as belonging to the missing ship.

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After losing her only son to malaria, a grieving Theodosia Burr Alston (pictured) boarded the Patriot in late December 1812. Daughter of the disgraced former American vice-president Aaron Burr, Theodosia was set to join him in New York when she – along with the craft she was travelling on – went missing. When the schooner departed South Carolina on what was to be its last voyage, it had just returned from a months-long campaign of privateering in the Caribbean. With a hold full of ill-gotten gains, the captain of Patriot had its guns concealed and the name on the ship's bow painted over to disguise its identity. But did it work?

The year 1812 was a potentially perilous time to be sailing the Atlantic Ocean. America and Great Britain were still at war, and pirates were rumoured to operate in the area. Theodosia's husband, the governor of South Carolina, wrote to the British Navy asking for her safe passage as he could not accompany her on the crossing, which was granted. But what happened to Patriot is an ongoing mystery; Aaron Burr mounted a search mission after two weeks had passed without Patriot's arrival in New York, which yielded no trace. Some believe it was caught in a gale off Cape Hatteras (pictured), while others think the passengers could have been captured and killed and the ship scuttled by pirates.

USS Porpoise led an exciting life of exploration and adventure before it vanished without trace. The 224-tonne, 88-foot (26.8m) brig was dispatched on various anti-piracy and anti-slavery patrols, as well as being commissioned for a round-the-world voyage in 1838 with the United States Exploring Expedition that confirmed the existence of Antarctica. After serving in the Mexican War of 1847, Porpoise joined the fleet of the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition in 1853, which sailed the seas around China and southeast Asia. It was from these waters that the ship would never return…

Departing Hong Kong in September 1854, USS Porpoise was tasked with charting the Bonin and the Mariana Islands, taking 69 crew in order to complete the survey. While crossing the Taiwan Strait (pictured), the ship was separated from the rest of its squadron and last sighted by the US sloop-of-war vessel USS Vincennes on 21 September. A typhoon hit the area a few days later and no sign of USS Porpoise was ever seen again, despite a year-long search. It was presumed lost with all of its men.

Read the stories of history's most tragic ships

Launched in 1837 at Plymouth, HMS Sappho was a British Navy second-class brig designed to be quick enough to chase down slavers operating between western Africa and the Caribbean. Over two decades of service, Sappho and its crews successfully apprehended several ships and freed hundreds of enslaved people. However, the brig was embroiled in a diplomatic incident in 1857 when it detained an American ship falsely accused of being involved in the slave trade. As punishment, HMS Sappho was ordered by the Admiralty to transfer to Australia – a deployment it would never officially begin…

HMS Sappho sailed south and reached Cape Town safely, before sailing onward for Sydney. It would be last seen by a passing brig on 18 February 1858, entering the Bass Strait (a stretch of water between mainland Australia and Tasmania). Whatever happened next can only be assumed, as the ship has been lost without a trace ever since. Strong winds were reported at the time and place Sappho disappeared, leading to the conclusion the ship went down with all 147 of its crew. The Bass Strait was scoured for Sappho’s wreckage but none was ever found, and any debris thought to have come from it was never positively identified.

Dubbed 'Australia’s Titanic', SS Waratah’s story remains one of the planet’s greatest maritime mysteries. The 500-foot (152.4m) British passenger steamship was the flagship of the Blue Anchor Line shipping company and was returning from Australia via Cape Town when it seemingly disappeared into thin air in July 1909. The area it was sailing is notoriously nicknamed Wild Coast, for its rugged and dangerous features, which might go some way towards explaining the ship’s sudden vanishing. Crew members from a nearby ship said they might have seen the Waratah on the night in question, but claim it disappeared after two blinding flashes of light.

Nothing of the ship or its 211 passengers and crew has been seen since. In 1999, 90 years after SS Waratah’s disappearance, the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA) of South Africa believed they’d identified the wreck of the ill-fated steamer off the coast of the Eastern Cape. However, it was revealed in 2001 that the wreckage was not the Waratah after all, but a cargo ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1942. And so, the lost liner remains lost.

Collier ship USS Cyclops came under the command of the US Navy when America entered the First World War in 1917. 540 feet (164.6m) long and 65 feet (19.8m) wide, it was capable of carrying 12,500 tonnes of coal while travelling at 15 knots. On its final mission, the steel-hulled ship set sail from Bahia in Brazil on 22 February 1918 with 10,800 tonnes of manganese ore and over 300 people onboard, bound for Baltimore. USS Cyclops was last seen on 4 March 1918 departing from Barbados (an unplanned stop), before sailing onward into the notorious stretch of water known as the Bermuda Triangle...

USS Cyclops never emerged, and not a trace of it has ever been found. With no distress calls sent and no adverse weather reported in the area, speculation around the vessel’s disappearance has been rife. In 1968, an officer named Conrad A. Nervig – who disembarked the USS Cyclops before it vanished – placed the blame on the ship’s dysfunctional and disorganised crew. Other theories range from it being sunk by German forces, to the cargo exploding, to mutiny, to engine failure. Either way, the tragedy remains the greatest loss of life outside of combat the US Navy has ever endured.

Like their sister ship USS Cyclops, USS Proteus and USS Nereus were also thought to be lost in the Bermuda Triangle – less than one month apart from one another. Proteus was a Navy collier converted into a merchant ship, while Nereus was a purpose-built collier for use in the First World War. Proteus was travelling from St Thomas in the Virgin Islands to America’s East Coast when it fell out of contact on 23 November 1941 and seemingly vanished without trace in the Triangle, along with 58 men and a bellyful of bauxite ore.

A few weeks later, on 10 December 1941, USS Nereus was also lost at sea on its way from Maine to the Virgin Islands with 61 men onboard. Both disappearances occurred during the thick of the Second World War, which may account for the loss of two US Navy vessels in the space of a month. But it’s hard not to put stock in the conspiracy theories surrounding the Bermuda Triangle, which has shown time and again just how destructive it can be...

In December 1967, a 23-foot (7m) cabin cruiser yacht (similar to the one depicted here) named Witchcraft spookily went missing. Believed to be another victim of the Bermuda Triangle, an extensive search mission returned no wreckage, no debris and no bodies. Supposedly 'unsinkable', Witchcraft was a model of vessel known to be fitted with a special flotation device that could be deployed if it ever got into difficulty. But, if history has taught us anything about so-called unsinkable ships, it’s that they seldom are...

Witchcraft was owned by experienced yachtsman Dan Burack, who was taking his friend Father Patrick Horgan out to see the Christmas lights off the coast of Miami when the boat disappeared. Reports from the time suggest Witchcraft had struck something, as Burack called to request assistance from the coast guard. When they arrived less than 20 minutes later, the coast guard found no trace of the cabin cruiser or its passengers. The yacht’s disappearance was featured on the Science Channel’s Curse of the Bermuda Triangle documentary in 2020, with researchers saying Witchcraft must be lying on the ocean floor. Where, though, may never be known.

SS Baychimo first functioned as a German trading vessel before being gifted to the British as part of reparations made after the First World War. In the years that followed, the steamer was taken on by the Hudson’s Bay Company, making regular journeys from Scotland to Canada to trade with Inuit tribes. On its last known voyage, the Baychimo was transporting furs to Vancouver in October 1931 when it became impacted by ice. The crew were rescued but, not wanting to abandon the ship or its valuable cargo, some built a makeshift shelter nearby to wait out the winter. What happened next marks the start of the strange tale of the SS Baychimo’s disappearance...

About a month after the Baychimo became entrapped, an aggressive blizzard caused the men to lose sight of the ship, and they emerged from the storm to find it gone. It was found again a week later by a local hunter, 45 miles (72.4km) away and badly damaged, so the decision was made to retrieve the precious pelts and abandon SS Baychimo to a watery grave. But, for nearly four decades, the ship did not sink – intermittent sightings of it were reported until 1969. Thereafter, the so-called ‘Ghost Ship of the Arctic’ vanished without trace and remains lost today, despite efforts by the Alaskan government to find it.

Beloved cruise ships that will never sail again